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The environmental factors that trigger formation of sexual cells and sexual reproduction in centric diatoms are not well understood, but sexualization appears to be strongly associated with conditions causing synchronous sexuality in cells experiencing growth stress. Fertilized oogonia expand into a large auxospore where new, large thecae are formed for the new initial cell. Meiosis in the female oogonia produces a single functional haploid nucleus that is fertilized by a flagellated spermatocyte through an opening in the oogonia thecae. Meiosis in the male spermatogonangium produces multinucleate spermatogonia that divide into individual haploid spermatocytes. At a critically small size, cells can initiate sexual reproduction and differentiate into male and female cells. The average cell size of a population of asexually dividing diatoms decreases as a result of differential thecae inheritance. 10.1371/001 Fig 1 The life cycle of a centric diatom. Auxosporulation can also occur asexually, but it is considered an ancillary pathway for cell size restitution in diatom species that have a sexual path for reproduction.
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Fertilized oogonia expand into a large auxospore where new, large thecae are formed for the new, enlarged initial cell. At a critically small size, cells become eligible to differentiate into male and female cells. So far, all centric diatoms appear to share the process of oogamous sexual reproduction ( Fig 1). The entire lifecycles of only a few diatoms have been described and rarely have sexual events been captured in the environment. At a critically small cell size and under certain conditions, auxosporulation restitutes cell size and prevents clonal death. A defining characteristic of all diatoms is their restrictive and bipartite silica cell wall that causes them to progressively shrink during asexual cell division.
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Diatoms have complex life history strategies that are presumed to have contributed to their rapid genetic diversification into ~200,000 species that are distributed between the two major diatom groups: centrics and pennates. This predictable annual bloom dynamic fuels higher trophic levels and initiates delivery of carbon into the deep ocean biome. Diatoms are protists that form massive annual spring and fall blooms in aquatic environments and are estimated to be responsible for about half of photosynthesis in the global oceans.